7.b 提前准备的好处

Make Time Your Friend 7.b: The Benefits of Preparing in Advance

> By Li Xiaolai · 2008-05-19 · [Original (web archive)](https://web.archive.org/web/20111113115948/http://www.lixiaolai.com/archives/459.html) (Chinese)
> Our translation from the Chinese original.

The benefits of preparing in advance can often be truly appreciated only by those who prepare in advance. However, no matter how troublesome it is, as long as I'm allowed to nag a bit more, I can make even those who read my words and have never truly prepared anything in advance really understand the various benefits of preparing in advance, as well as its "unexpected" benefits. To explain clearly, I have to start with some things that seem unrelated.

**So-Called "Inspiration"**

In the course of reading books, one especially interesting phenomenon is that when you realize you need, and want to look for, books on some specific field, good books appear by themselves—either a friend gives you one, or you happen to pick one up in a bookstore or library, or it's mentioned in a post by who knows whom that you saw while wandering around online, or it may even have been on your bookshelf all along, but you never had time to read it……

Recently I've run into this kind of situation especially often. While I was organizing this book, on a friend's bookshelf I found an original English edition of Thomas Sowell's *Knowledge and Decision*, which gave me a lot of inspiration—he didn't even know where he'd got it and had never opened it; in *The Tipping Point*, *Mean Genes* and several other books on my own bookshelf, which I'd long since read several times, I "discovered" many especially good examples; what I casually picked up while browsing in a bookstore was *The Road Less Traveled*, in which almost everywhere there is content that can verify many of my past ideas; and in an airport bookstore (bookstores in airports are always neither one thing nor another; apart from magazines there are few good books) I saw Bi Shumin's new novel *The Woman Psychologist*, poorly packaged and designed, but which, on the author's reputation alone, you could be sure you wouldn't regret reading through—it has an especially good analogy that will be mentioned in later sections……

When I taught composition classes, students always complained to me, "Teacher, I can't find examples. What should I do?" At first I always very patiently told students, "Examples are just like money: they're saved up, not thought up." Other students asked, "Teacher, why can't I find examples as wonderful as the ones you give in class?" And I'd answer: "Keep looking. Everything depends on nothing more than accumulation."

Thinking about it today, such answers were rather oversimplified. Yet several years passed before, one day, while explaining a GRE essay prompt, I realized my oversimplification. While explaining that prompt, I mentioned this sentence: "Our society tends to forget those important people—in fact, all societies may be like this." So I had to give students examples to show "which important people have been forgotten?" I asked the students, "Can anyone name three people who are very important to our society but have been forgotten?" On hearing "three," in a classroom of several hundred people, the few students who had just hesitated a moment before raising their hands hurriedly put them down again.

Giving examples to show "which important people have been forgotten?" is not just not easy—it's very nearly impossible. Think about it: you are a member of the whole society; if the whole society has forgotten, how would you, as one member, know? Even searching the internet directly with Google now, you wouldn't know where to start. Then, in one breath, I mentioned a whole string of names such as Chen Yinke (陈寅恪), Zhang Zhixin (张志新), Jiang Yanyong (蒋彦永), Gao Yaojie (高耀洁), and so on. Each time I mentioned a name, I asked all the students who hadn't heard the name, or had heard it but didn't know who that person was, to raise their hands; and each time, the great majority of students raised their hands.

Then a student asked in class: "Teacher, so how did you know?" I told them, "Originally I didn't know either; I couldn't even have known." But there was only one way in which I was different from them: these prompts, and that sentence just now, "Our society tends to forget those important people—in fact, all societies may be like this," were things I had recorded in my notebook long before; so later, one day when I read articles about those people just mentioned, although my reading at the time was for some other reason or purpose and had nothing to do with writing essays, I immediately thought of that sentence once written in my notebook, and so, beside that sentence, there was one more example of "an important person forgotten by the whole society."

I remember that when I was small, reading books written by learned people often made me feel very inferior, and I wondered, "How on earth did they manage to know even this?!" For example, someone mentioned that Tan Sitong (谭嗣同), who said "I raise my sword and laugh to the sky; whether I go or stay, my heart is loyal as the twin Kunlun peaks," wrote these words more than a hundred years ago: "Examine in detail how the sinews and muscles move during intercourse and what the particles of the fluids are like, illustrate and explain them with diagrams, completely and exhaustively, and also mold wax figures in the likeness of the human body that can be taken apart and examined closely; open many halls for the study of sexual science, and widely distribute books expounding the principles of sex, so that all people know why things are so."

Another one I can no longer find the source of. It says that the American novelist Fitzgerald (Scott Fitzgerald), famed for *The Great Gatsby* (《大亨小传》), was distressed because the size of his penis was "too small"; when Hemingway learned of it, he dragged Fitzgerald to the men's room to see the truth, and as that wasn't enough, he simply took him to tour the artworks in the Louvre, saying, "How could that thing [Translator's note: the original writes 那伙, which makes no sense here; 那话儿 ("that thing," a euphemism for the penis) appears to be meant; translated by the intended sense] of yours lose to the privates of any male statue?" Going the whole way as a good man, Hemingway also explained to Fitzgerald in detail the basic principles of perspective, telling him that many men feel their own thing doesn't measure up to others', when in fact it's only that the angle of view is different when observing one's own and others'. Only then could Fitzgerald begin to live like a normal person.

Seen now, they didn't necessarily write it only after knowing everything. Very likely it was in order to write it that they went searching and accumulating, and then discovered those contents that amaze us. Of course, if I'm not mistaken, they themselves were often startled by their own discoveries too; otherwise how could there be sighs like "a piece of writing is made by heaven; a skilled hand merely happens upon it"?

So accumulating material is of course very important, but if you determine a direction or goal in advance, you can even accumulate a lot of material you otherwise couldn't have imagined—surprise after surprise. Later still, one afternoon about a week before I wrote this present article, having nothing to do, I took out my old reading notes and leafed through them, and suddenly found this entry in them:

> We may all have had this experience. At a cocktail party, everyone is talking with each other in small groups at roughly the same volume. You are talking with a certain person or people, and for quite a long stretch of your conversation, apart from what the people talking with you say and what you yourself say to them, all other sounds are in fact ignored by you, as good as nonexistent. But if your name suddenly comes up in another group's conversation, even when they are in fact not very close to you, you will catch that sound instantly, as if it suddenly rushed into your ears. And what's strange is that for quite a long time before, those people had been talking all along at the same volume, at the same distance from you as now, but you had no idea at all what they were saying; that sound before this point had been entirely filtered out. This is the so-called "cocktail party effect" ([Cock-tail party effect](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_party_effect)); the name was given by Collin Cherry (柯林奇瑞) after he first noticed it in 1953 [[1](#footnote_0_459 "Cherry, E. C. (1953) Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 25(5), 975–979.")]. At the time, scientists were trying to find ways to solve the various problems airports faced in air traffic control. In those days, controllers had to get pilots' voice messages through loudspeakers in the control tower, and picking out a particular pilot's voice from the noisy voices of many pilots made air traffic control very tricky.

At last I had a clearer explanation. "Attention to specific information" gives us the magical ability to pick out at once, even from very noisy "noise," the "information we are concerned with" that we need.

So I simply did more homework on Wikipedia and Google. It turns out that scientists now also have more simple, clear, scientific explanations of so-called "subconsciousness." Of the various kinds of information stored in the gray matter of our brains, only a very small part (hardly more than 12%) is stored in an orderly way; this part we call "conscious." And more of the information, or fragments of information, is stored in a disorderly way, and is even hard to call up consciously and directly; these are often the parts we call "unconscious" or "subconscious." The existence of dreams is the most basic evidence of the existence of the subconscious.

And as more and more information is input, the brain needs more and more gray-matter cells. Scientists have already found that people who use two or more languages have more gray-matter cells. And the size of the cranial cavity is limited, so the increase in gray-matter cells eventually leads to higher and higher gray-matter density. So it becomes more and more likely that gray-matter cells get connected by neurons. And so the phenomenon we call "achieving mastery through comprehensive understanding" can arise—pieces of information that originally might have seemed completely unrelated now have a chance to be linked together. So so-called erudite people are those who have an extraordinarily large amount of information stored in their brains; these people can always "connect everything," and so are extraordinarily full of "wisdom."

Seen this way, the dislike many people have for rote memorization is shallow. Aristotle once said that so-called wisdom is memory; this was probably something that, although he couldn't fully explain it at the time, was for him a plain and natural experience. Some fields of knowledge simply need so-called "rote memorization" relatively more, for example history, geography, foreign languages and so on. In fact, "rote memorization" has another synonym that gives the exact opposite impression—"wide learning and a strong memory."

I personally think the following situation is entirely possible. Every day we intentionally or unintentionally take in, and store in the gray-matter cells of the brain, a large amount of information; although much of it exists in subconscious form, and we can't even call it up consciously, it's like the disorderly and noisy "noise" at a cocktail party; but sometimes our "attention to specific information" makes us "magically" catch certain information related to [Translator's note: the original writes 于 ("at, in"), which makes no sense here; 与 ("with") is meant; translated by the intended sense] the "information we are concerned with"—this situation is very likely what we often call "a flash of inspiration." If so, Kekulé's dream about the snake has a reasonable explanation—he had been concerned for too long with the question of what the benzene ring should look like; how much seemingly disorderly and noisy "noise" there must have been in his subconscious! Finally one day, the "cocktail party effect" appeared—in the form of the brightly colored snake, head joined to tail, that he dreamed of.

So don't pointlessly believe in the existence of some "suddenly flashing inspiration." Even if this thing called inspiration exists, it doesn't appear for no reason; it certainly has an origin. It's just the flower of the iron tree that suddenly blooms in that instant we often describe as "quantitative change turning into qualitative change."

Perhaps out of the same feeling, Li Ao (李敖) once joked, "A prostitute can't rely on sexual desire to receive clients, and a writer shouldn't rely on inspiration to write." Although Li Ao's later conduct was rather disappointing, his erudition was real. Li Ao's way of reading books is rather unusual, but its mechanism and benefits are easy to see. On January 19, 2006, on Phoenix TV's *Li Ao Has Something to Say* (《李敖有话说》) [[2](#footnote_1_459 "http://dv.ouou.com/play/v_38d7f4baf30ff.html")], he introduced his reading method like this:

> [Translator's note: quoted by the author: Li Ao's own words on his TV program; not Li Xiaolai's own words.] The books I, Li Ao, read I seldom forget. Why? Good method. What method? Ruthless and vicious. Scissors and utility knife all come down, and the book gets dismembered—that is, cut apart. This page I need, this passage I need; I sort them out into categories. Then what about the back of the page? [Translator's note: the original writes 那背面有怎么办, with 有 ("have"); 又 ("then again") is meant; translated by the intended sense] Photocopy it, or buy two copies from the start, cut both copies apart and lay them out, cutting apart the parts to read. As a result, when a book is finished, the book has also been dismembered. That's my method of reading books.
>
> Then how to sort into categories? I have a lot of folders I made myself; I write words on the folders and sort all the material into categories. After a book is read, all of it goes into my folders. I can sort out several thousand categories, sorted very finely. For example, by library classification: philosophy, religion; religion is further divided into Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism. I, Li Ao, divide even more finely: Catholicism can be divided further, priests count as one category. Priests can be subdivided further: homosexual priests are one category, priests who return to secular life another. Homosexual nuns are one category, nuns who return to secular life another.
>
> Relevant content in any book goes into my materials. Goes in for what? When I want to write a novel and need this material, I open the material and just write it up. Or some event happens that has to do with homosexual nuns, and I want to publish my thoughts on the news; I bring the news over, open my materials, combine the two, and the article is written immediately.
>
> In other words, after I've read this book, it's been hacked into eight pieces by me, torn apart by five horses. But it's been hooked by me; these materials I don't record by memory; I use detailed, very patient work to hook them tight and put them in the material folders. My memory only needs to remember these headings. The headings are sorted according to my habits, basically all translated into English words, arranged by English letters, occasionally with some Chinese.
>
> Today I tell everyone my special skill—how Li Ao knows so much, widely read with a strong memory, such a good memory. I tell you, memory can be trained. Memory, at the start, is that you mustn't be lazy; don't lie there reading a book, and when you've finished the book it's still clean and neat—that's not right. When you've finished the book, the book is hacked into eight pieces, the book goes into the material folders; only then does it count as having finished the book.
>
> Today I specially show you a move, and tell you the trick of how to read books. Don't think that when you've finished a book and it's clean and new, that counts as having read it. That doesn't count as having read it, because you read it at the time, but it was wasted. You can't hook these materials systematically, link them to materials. But following [Translator's note: the original writes 找 ("look for"); 照 ("following") is meant; translated by the intended sense] my method, you can grab the essence of all the books you've read and hook them together. That's my homemade-steel-smelting method of scholarship.

With such ingenious diligence, it becomes perfectly clear where the richness and variety of Li Ao's sparks-flying "inspiration" came from.

So, by this understanding, all success is in essence the same. First spend considerable time and energy locking onto a direction or goal. After making sure it's realistic and feasible, use the power of the mind to invest more time in this direction, and then a bit more time again. Make time your friend and go forward all the way. When time has kept you company long enough, your patience will be rewarded by it. People who don't know why will say that it's "luck," or "heaven-sent inspiration" that only people with dumb luck get; but what we know is that if the reward really comes, it has only one name, which is "inevitability."

**So-Called "Ability"**

Having understood the essence of so-called "inspiration," you can, by analogy, understand another word—"ability." I have always believed that, in study and work, how great a person's ability in some area is depends almost directly on how far in advance [Translator's note: the original has a stray 过 before 提前, which makes no sense here; translated by the intended sense] that person can prepare in that area. Very few people really prepare far enough in advance. Just observe the fourth-year students of any university and you can easily find countless failed samples falling one after another, and always only a few successful samples.

The reason far, far too many students start preparing for the TOEFL and GRE exams is, to put it accurately, not that after calm thought they finally "chose" the path of studying abroad, but merely that they suddenly found that jobs are not very easy to find and that the prospects of taking the domestic graduate-school entrance exam aren't very rosy either. In fact, these students are just treating "going abroad" as a life-saving straw, out of the same mentality [Translator's note: the original writes 心里 ("in the heart"); 心理 ("mentality") is meant; translated by the intended sense] as "turning to any doctor when gravely ill."

However, for them the straw of "going abroad" really is just a straw; it can't save their lives at all. My teaching experience at New Oriental let me see far, far too many students fail merely because of mistakes in planning their time—of course, this is in fact also the biggest mistake one can meet in life; yet they understand the result of failure through pretexts such as "the unfairness of fate," and the degree of absurdity and pity in this is beyond imagination.

Let's look at the basic timetable. If a student wants to go abroad and hopes to enroll next autumn, he had better submit all the required materials before the end of this year, including transcripts of the various exams, personal statement, recommendation letters and so on. That being so, in order to submit the materials on time, he must at least finish the GRE writing test around June this year, and finish the other parts of the GRE around October. As for the TOEFL, it must be finished by October this year at the latest; of course, ideally he'd already have the score at the beginning of this year. And whether it's the TOEFL or the GRE, based on my many years of teaching experience, I firmly believe that a score that is presentable and can win a big scholarship at a famous school needs at least two years of serious preparation—and also needs a quite solid foundation before that.

The personal statement and recommendation letters play a considerable role in the whole application process, sometimes even exceeding the TOEFL and GRE exams. Writing these documents consumes a great deal of time and energy. Even if you find a so-called "expert" like me, with several hundred successful cases, and pay for guidance, I would still need at least about a month of repeated communication with the applicant before starting to write the first draft, and after that it would still have to go through many revisions. Moreover, the better the student, the more time and energy it takes, because the better a person is, the higher the risks he faces. But my experience is that students often discover only at the end of the year that they simply can't write a decent personal statement and recommendation letters, and then when they ask around and find me for help, all I can say is, "Sorry, I can't do this case"—this is not a problem that can be solved by however much money they give me; rather, for them, time has long since run out.

Every link can go wrong. Many students only realize at the end of the second semester of their third year that they should prepare for the TOEFL and GRE exams, and then all their subsequent actions are nothing but "hugging the Buddha's feet at the last moment"—treating anything they see as a Buddha, regardless of whether that "Buddha's" feet have caught athlete's foot. In theory, all "crash courses" and "intensive courses" are just selling and satisfying illusions—of course it's precisely because of this that such courses have a huge market and high profits. People who hug the Buddha's feet at the last moment don't know they have long since fallen into [Translator's note: the original writes 选入 ("selected into"); 陷入 ("fallen into") is meant; translated by the intended sense] a whirlpool of absurdity; they spend each day busy and bustling yet in fact accomplishing nothing, and right up until the final result appears they don't know where on earth they went wrong; many years later, they tell themselves, "When I was young, I worked hard too……"

There are also many students who, after finishing the "study" of a "crash course" or "intensive course," only then discover that not only is there more homework to do, but—worst of all—all the test centers are fully booked and they can't get a test seat at all. Working a bit harder at study still leaves a chance. But with no test seat, there's no way to solve it—except regret. It's entirely imaginable that among the slightly luckier students who have got test seats, less than 20% will end up with a meaningful score; the other 80% just get an "exam experience"—as for the reason, I don't believe it's a problem of IQ, and this kind of exam can't measure IQ either; there's only one reasonable explanation: not enough preparation; in other words, not enough time invested; in other words again, not preparing far enough in advance.

Actually, it's not only so in the choice of studying abroad; when facing any other choice, including the graduate-school entrance exam and job hunting, most people's failure and panic rest on the same mechanism. The predicament faced by people who haven't prepared enough is like a pair of handcuffs: the more you struggle, the tighter they clamp. Facing the final deadline, they can't help feeling immense anxiety. And the only effect this anxiety produces is to scatter attention, driving productivity down to the limit; in turn, the only effect produced by low productivity and the pressure of time is still more anxiety……a vicious, endless loop.

These people don't know that, imperceptibly, time has already become their enemy; what they know even less is that time is originally neither good nor evil; it is they themselves who have become time's enemies, or they who have turned time into their own enemy. Every moment, these people still think they're competing with others, little knowing that those other people actually don't compete with the world at all; it's just that, because they moved their starting point earlier, they had the chance to make time their friend—who can imagine any backer in this world more powerful than time? Time's enemies never know who defeated them—for them, at the end point of life stands a tombstone they can't see, engraved with "cause of death unknown."

To give an extreme example, and it's not even an exaggeration to say it: even a man's sexual ability can be prepared in advance. So-called sexual ability is often closely related to cardiopulmonary function. So if a man, at twenty-five or twenty-six, learns this through whatever channel, he should keep up long-distance running at least three or four times a week. A few years later, having slipped past thirty before he knew it, he'll find that while his friends and colleagues have had their bodies crushed by work and have no joy in life, he, merely because of a good habit of preparing for everything in advance, can stand out alone.

Some scholars' conclusions may draw fierce criticism, and in fact this does indeed [Translator's note: the original writes 却是 ("yet is"); 确是 ("indeed is") is meant; translated by the intended sense] often happen. For example, some scholars, after extensive surveys, finally reached the conclusion that "to a great extent, wealth determines IQ." This isn't nonsense, though it's hard to accept. The biological psychologist Mark Rosenzweig (马克.罗森茨威格) once did a very famous experiment:

> A batch of rats of roughly the same genetic quality was chosen and randomly divided into three groups: the first group, 3 rats, was in a "standard environment," that is, kept and fed together in an iron cage; the second group of rats was in an "impoverished environment," that is, isolated alone, each by itself in a cage opaque on three sides, with dim light and almost no stimulation; the third group was in an "enriched environment," that is, a dozen-odd rats kept together in a spacious, bright, fully equipped cage, with swings, slides, wooden ladders, little bridges and all kinds of "toys." Several months passed, and Rosenzweig was surprised to find that the rats in the "enriched environment" were the most active and looked very clever, while the rats in the "impoverished environment" were the quietest, giving almost an impression of being dull and dazed. Then the experimenters dissected and analyzed the rats' brains, and found obvious differences among the three groups in the thickness of the cerebral cortex, the protein content of the cortex, the weight ratio of the cortex to the brain, the size of brain cells, the amount of nerve fibers, the number of synapses, the number of glial cells, and brain chemicals related to intelligence. The advantage of the "enriched environment" group was most marked, while the "impoverished environment" group was at an absolute disadvantage.

Imagine the environment a wealthy family can create for a child, and then compare it with the environment a poor family can create for a child. So, looked at as a whole (note: individual counterexamples don't fully speak to the problem as a whole), the division between rich and poor may even cause huge differences in intelligence.

Environment has a huge, even hard-to-reverse effect on the growth of the individual. Some people have therefore come up with views such as the "bloodline theory" and the "class-origin theory." These people produce such absurd and such shallow views only because of their low mental ability. However, the phenomenon does exist; it's just that the explanation is too simple, childish, crude and rough. "Dragons beget dragons, phoenixes beget phoenixes, and a rat's son knows how to dig holes." "If the father is a hero, the son is a brave man." "A tiger father has no dog sons." "Like father, like son." The judge in the Indian film *Awaara* (《流浪者》) says: "A thief's son is still a thief." An English proverb says, "The apple doesn't fall far from the (apple) tree." All of these are plain observations of the results caused by the power of environment.

Scholars think that poverty, looked at as a whole, is a "persistent problem" (persistent problem). No matter what the world develops into, poverty can't be completely rooted out, because in the end so-called poverty is relative. However, from the individual's standpoint, poverty is not an inescapable curse. Any individual in fact has the chance to use the mind to gain liberation. Just imagine: if a person forms the habit of being diligent and frugal, he can both "increase income" and "cut spending," and can start to accumulate wealth—of course he can't get rich overnight. But a lifetime of diligence and frugality, that is, a lifetime of increasing income and cutting spending, amounts to being friends with time for a whole life. And if his children are also both diligent and frugal, they'll accumulate wealth growing exponentially.

In fact, all the families on Earth today that control enormous wealth went through the process of "starting from scratch." In barbaric eras, the role of "patience" may have been obscured by other factors, but today, more highly civilized than any era before (though there's still much that's disappointing), "patience" has become the most important, most powerful factor. Even the ancients noticed long ago that "poverty doesn't last past five generations [Translator's note: the original writes 五幅 ("five widths"), which makes no sense here; the saying is 五服 ("five degrees of kinship," i.e., five generations); translated by the intended sense]; wealth doesn't last past three"—please note the first half.

But how many people have the patience for a plan that takes two generations, even three generations, to complete? The answer: a tiny minority. But what needs attention is not exactly how many people act like this, but that such people really, truly do exist! If after serious thought you feel you're not that kind of person, then don't complain, because that future is one you gave up of your own accord. Even in the Warring States era, there could be someone like Lü Buwei (吕不韦). In a certain sense, it was their extraordinary patience—which is one concrete expression of what we call "the power of the mind"—that let them amass great wealth. "Getting rich overnight" is always really possible, but that depends on, and can only depend on, one thing that people with well-developed minds are glad to accept but never count on—luck.

There are just some people who can actually draw up plans spanning decades, even a whole lifetime, even several generations, and then carry them out meticulously—back when I read *The Count of Monte Cristo*, I felt this was exactly where the characters in the story were awesome. Later, watching the film *The Shawshank Redemption*, adapted from Stephen King's novel, I again felt that such giants must exist in some corner of this world. Very few people learn such a skill, simply because it's unlikely that they'll be lucky enough to have such a giant right beside them, and they can't directly obtain real "experience" and benefits through "personal experience" and "observation."

Although we with mature minds often avoid happiness based on comparison, there's no reason to refuse relative success based on comparison. So the most basic way to break through the "vicious, endless loop" just mentioned is to start preparing a bit earlier than others—earlier, and earlier still. Think about it: some people can start preparing for something a generation or two in advance. The earlier you are, the closer you'll become with your friend time; this friend, closer to you, will give every day of yours just a little more composure; and that little more composure will make you fall in love with this fellow called time.

Don't blame me for nagging; it won't do without nagging. All said and done, it's the principle we mentioned long ago.

> So the conclusion we see is this: wasting time is shameful, and wasting youth is not only shameful but also lamentable, and can only be irretrievable. To put it plainly, people must work hard. If everyone is working hard, then you'd better start working hard earlier, and work harder. People always say that clumsy birds fly first; in fact, many birds fly first perhaps not because they are clumsy; on the contrary, more likely because they are cleverer.

If nagging actually works, then even if it annoys people, it may turn out to be an annoyance that pleases oneself. My teaching experience made me form the habit of being willing to nag when necessary; and its fundamental reason is simply that I discovered the benefits of patience; to understand the benefits of patience, you can't avoid investing a great deal of time—compared with the time invested, factors such as cleverness and diligence are truly insignificant.

---

Footnotes:

1. Cherry, E. C. (1953) Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and with two ears. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 25(5), 975–979. [[↩](#identifier_0_459)]
2. http://dv.ouou.com/play/v\_38d7f4baf30ff.html [[↩](#identifier_1_459)]

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